Human-Automation Interaction
- № 2026.10 · 01Function allocationFitts list (MABA-MABA)Fitts (1951)
- № 2026.10 · 01Ironies of automationBainbridge (1983)
- № 2026.10 · 01Levels of automationSheridan & Verplank (1978) · Parasuraman, Sheridan & Wickens (2000)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 01Vigilance decrementMackworth (1948)Lab cases ×3
- № 2026.10 · 01Automation complacency and biasParasuraman & Manzey (2010)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 01Out-of-the-loop performance problemEndsley & Kiris (1995)
- № 2026.10 · 01Situation awarenessEndsley (1995)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 01Mental workload (NASA-TLX)Hart & Staveland (1988)Lab cases ×1
- № 2026.10 · 01Trust in automationLee & See (2004)
- № 2026.10 · 01Use, misuse, disuse, abuseParasuraman & Riley (1997)Lab cases ×1
- № 2026.10 · 01Adaptive automationScerbo (1996)Lab cases ×2
Personal Knowledge Management
- № 2026.10 · 02MemexBush (1945)
- № 2026.10 · 02Hypertext and transclusionNelson (1965)
- № 2026.10 · 02ZettelkastenLuhmann (1981)Lab cases ×3
- № 2026.10 · 02Cornell note-taking systemPauk (1962)
- № 2026.10 · 02Evergreen notesMatuschakLab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 02PARA methodForte (2022)Lab cases ×3
- № 2026.10 · 02CODE methodForte (2022)Lab cases ×1
- № 2026.10 · 02Personal kanbanBenson & Barry (2011)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 02DiátaxisProcida
- № 2026.10 · 02LYT and maps of contentLYT / Map of ContentMilo (2020)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 02Personal information managementBergman & Whittaker (2016)
- № 2026.10 · 02Stage-based model of personal informaticsLi, Dey & Forlizzi (2010)
- Adaptive automationScerbo (1996)Lab cases ×2
- Automation complacency and biasParasuraman & Manzey (2010)Lab cases ×2
- Personal information managementBergman & Whittaker (2016)
- CODE methodForte (2022)Lab cases ×1
- Cornell note-taking systemPauk (1962)
- DiátaxisProcida
- Evergreen notesMatuschakLab cases ×2
- Function allocationFitts list (MABA-MABA)Fitts (1951)
- Hypertext and transclusionNelson (1965)
- Ironies of automationBainbridge (1983)
- Levels of automationSheridan & Verplank (1978) · Parasuraman, Sheridan & Wickens (2000)Lab cases ×2
- Stage-based model of personal informaticsLi, Dey & Forlizzi (2010)
- LYT and maps of contentLYT / Map of ContentMilo (2020)Lab cases ×2
- MemexBush (1945)
- Mental workload (NASA-TLX)Hart & Staveland (1988)Lab cases ×1
- Out-of-the-loop performance problemEndsley & Kiris (1995)
- PARA methodForte (2022)Lab cases ×3
- Personal kanbanBenson & Barry (2011)Lab cases ×2
- Situation awarenessEndsley (1995)Lab cases ×2
- Trust in automationLee & See (2004)
- Use, misuse, disuse, abuseParasuraman & Riley (1997)Lab cases ×1
- Vigilance decrementMackworth (1948)Lab cases ×3
- ZettelkastenLuhmann (1981)Lab cases ×3
wrong.
- “The more detail the better”: wrong.→ Evergreen notes
- “The more they trust it, the better”: wrong.→ Trust in automation
not necessarily.
- “Hand the task to the AI and that is one job off my plate”: not necessarily.→ Function allocation
- “A map of content is a folder with a new name”: not necessarily.→ LYT and maps of content
- “Luhmann invented the slip box”: not necessarily.→ Zettelkasten
it is not that simple.
- “One pass through the four steps and you ship”: it is not that simple.→ CODE method
- “One document covering everything is fine”: it is not that simple.→ Diátaxis
- “A link is a link”: it is not that simple.→ Hypertext and transclusion
- “Automation is either on or off”: it is not that simple.→ Levels of automation
it will not carry that.
- “Filing by topic is enough”: it will not carry that.→ PARA method
the fault is structural.
- “Fewer tools is always better”: the fault is structural.→ Personal information management
- “Neat notes mean you will remember it”: the fault is structural.→ Cornell note-taking system
they are two different things.
- “Collecting it means using it”: they are two different things.→ Stage-based model of personal informatics
- “The Memex is where hypertext begins”: they are two different things.→ Memex
- “A kanban board is just a to-do list”: they are two different things.→ Personal kanban
Scene
- When the automation failed during the navigation task, the fully automated group took over worst.→ Out-of-the-loop performance problem
- Subjects watching a clock hand for the occasional double jump soon began to miss it.→ Vigilance decrement
Tradeoff
- Fix the division of labour at design time, or let it shift while the system runs?→ Adaptive automation
- Design the human out, and the hardest leftover work still lands on the human.→ Ironies of automation
- Workload cannot be seen, so people rate their own, yet one overall score hides where the load comes from.→ Mental workload (NASA-TLX)
Two things apart
- Missing things while monitoring, deferring while deciding: two effects, both rooted in attention.→ Automation complacency and bias
- Seeing the situation and deciding what to do are two abilities; the first is only the input to the second.→ Situation awareness
- Over-reliance and refusal to use have independent causes.→ Use, misuse, disuse, abuse
B
- Bainbridge 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Ironies of automationBainbridge (1983)
- Barry 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- Personal kanbanBenson & Barry (2011)Lab cases ×2
- Benson 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- Personal kanbanBenson & Barry (2011)Lab cases ×2
- Bergman 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- Personal information managementBergman & Whittaker (2016)
- Bush 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- MemexBush (1945)
D
- Dey 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- Stage-based model of personal informaticsLi, Dey & Forlizzi (2010)
E
- Endsley 2 volumes № 2026.10 · 01
- Out-of-the-loop performance problemEndsley & Kiris (1995)
- Situation awarenessEndsley (1995)Lab cases ×2
F
- Fitts 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Function allocationFitts list (MABA-MABA)Fitts (1951)
- Forlizzi 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- Stage-based model of personal informaticsLi, Dey & Forlizzi (2010)
- Forte 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- PARA methodForte (2022)Lab cases ×3
H
- Hart 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Mental workload (NASA-TLX)Hart & Staveland (1988)Lab cases ×1
K
- Kiris 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Out-of-the-loop performance problemEndsley & Kiris (1995)
L
- Lee 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Trust in automationLee & See (2004)
- Li 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- Stage-based model of personal informaticsLi, Dey & Forlizzi (2010)
- Luhmann 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- ZettelkastenLuhmann (1981)Lab cases ×3
M
- Mackworth 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Vigilance decrementMackworth (1948)Lab cases ×3
- Manzey 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Automation complacency and biasParasuraman & Manzey (2010)Lab cases ×2
- Matuschak 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- Evergreen notesMatuschakLab cases ×2
- Milo 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- LYT and maps of contentLYT / Map of ContentMilo (2020)Lab cases ×2
N
- Nelson 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- Hypertext and transclusionNelson (1965)
P
- Parasuraman 3 volumes № 2026.10 · 01Psychologist and human factors researcher (1950 to 2015); Professor of Psychology at The Catholic University of America from 1982 to 2004, then University Professor at George Mason University from 2004, directing its Human Factors and Applied Cognition program.Co-author of three volumes spanning two segments of the shelf: task allocation (the 2000 levels model with Sheridan and Wickens) and trust and reliance (the 1997 use, misuse, disuse, abuse taxonomy; the 2010 complacency and bias account). Read together, they run from automation not being a switch to attention withdrawing.Start with: Levels of automation ▸
- Levels of automationSheridan & Verplank (1978) · Parasuraman, Sheridan & Wickens (2000)Lab cases ×2
- Automation complacency and biasParasuraman & Manzey (2010)Lab cases ×2
- Use, misuse, disuse, abuseParasuraman & Riley (1997)Lab cases ×1
- Pauk 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- Cornell note-taking systemPauk (1962)
- Procida 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- DiátaxisProcida
R
- Riley 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Use, misuse, disuse, abuseParasuraman & Riley (1997)Lab cases ×1
S
- Scerbo 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Adaptive automationScerbo (1996)Lab cases ×2
- See 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Trust in automationLee & See (2004)
- Sheridan 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Levels of automationSheridan & Verplank (1978) · Parasuraman, Sheridan & Wickens (2000)Lab cases ×2
- Staveland 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Mental workload (NASA-TLX)Hart & Staveland (1988)Lab cases ×1
V
- Verplank 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Levels of automationSheridan & Verplank (1978) · Parasuraman, Sheridan & Wickens (2000)Lab cases ×2
W
- Whittaker 1 volume № 2026.10 · 02
- Personal information managementBergman & Whittaker (2016)
- Wickens 1 volume № 2026.10 · 01
- Levels of automationSheridan & Verplank (1978) · Parasuraman, Sheridan & Wickens (2000)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 01Adaptive automationScerbo (1996)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 01Automation complacency and biasParasuraman & Manzey (2010)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 02Personal information managementBergman & Whittaker (2016)
- № 2026.10 · 02CODE methodForte (2022)Lab cases ×1
- № 2026.10 · 02Cornell note-taking systemPauk (1962)
- № 2026.10 · 02DiátaxisProcida
- № 2026.10 · 02Evergreen notesMatuschakLab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 01Function allocationFitts list (MABA-MABA)Fitts (1951)
- № 2026.10 · 02Hypertext and transclusionNelson (1965)
- № 2026.10 · 01Ironies of automationBainbridge (1983)
- № 2026.10 · 01Levels of automationSheridan & Verplank (1978) · Parasuraman, Sheridan & Wickens (2000)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 02Stage-based model of personal informaticsLi, Dey & Forlizzi (2010)
- № 2026.10 · 02LYT and maps of contentLYT / Map of ContentMilo (2020)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 02MemexBush (1945)
- № 2026.10 · 01Mental workload (NASA-TLX)Hart & Staveland (1988)Lab cases ×1
- № 2026.10 · 01Out-of-the-loop performance problemEndsley & Kiris (1995)
- № 2026.10 · 02PARA methodForte (2022)Lab cases ×3
- № 2026.10 · 02Personal kanbanBenson & Barry (2011)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 01Situation awarenessEndsley (1995)Lab cases ×2
- № 2026.10 · 01Trust in automationLee & See (2004)
- № 2026.10 · 01Use, misuse, disuse, abuseParasuraman & Riley (1997)Lab cases ×1
- № 2026.10 · 01Vigilance decrementMackworth (1948)Lab cases ×3
- № 2026.10 · 02ZettelkastenLuhmann (1981)Lab cases ×3